ollama/llama/llama.go

package llama

//go:generate make -j 8

/*
#cgo CFLAGS: -O2 -std=c11 -DGGML_BUILD=1 -DNDEBUG -DLOG_DISABLE_LOGS -DGGML_USE_LLAMAFILE
#cgo CXXFLAGS: -O2 -std=c++11 -DGGML_BUILD=1 -DNDEBUG -DLOG_DISABLE_LOGS -DGGML_USE_LLAMAFILE
#cgo amd64,avx CFLAGS: -mavx
#cgo amd64,avx CXXFLAGS: -mavx
#cgo amd64,avx2 CFLAGS: -mavx2 -mfma
#cgo amd64,avx2 CXXFLAGS: -mavx2 -mfma
#cgo amd64,avx512 CFLAGS: -mavx512f -mavx512dq -mavx512bw
#cgo amd64,avx512 CXXFLAGS: -mavx512f -mavx512dq -mavx512bw
#cgo amd64,avx512bf16 CFLAGS: -mavx512bf16 -D__AVX512BF16__
#cgo amd64,avx512bf16 CXXFLAGS: -mavx512bf16 -D__AVX512BF16__
#cgo amd64,avx512vbmi CFLAGS: -mavx512vbmi -D__AVX512VBMI__
#cgo amd64,avx512vbmi CXXFLAGS: -mavx512vbmi -D__AVX512VBMI__
#cgo amd64,avx512vnni CFLAGS: -mavx512vnni -D__AVX512VNNI__
#cgo amd64,avx512vnni CXXFLAGS: -mavx512vnni -D__AVX512VNNI__
#cgo amd64,f16c CFLAGS: -mf16c
#cgo amd64,f16c CXXFLAGS: -mf16c
#cgo amd64,fma CFLAGS: -mfma
#cgo amd64,fma CXXFLAGS: -mfma
#cgo cuda CFLAGS: -fPIE -DGGML_USE_CUDA -DGGML_CUDA_DMMV_X=32 -DGGML_CUDA_PEER_MAX_BATCH_SIZE=128 -DGGML_CUDA_MMV_Y=1 -DGGML_BUILD=1
#cgo cuda CXXFLAGS: -DGGML_USE_CUDA -DGGML_CUDA_DMMV_X=32 -DGGML_CUDA_PEER_MAX_BATCH_SIZE=128 -DGGML_CUDA_MMV_Y=1 -DGGML_BUILD=1
#cgo cuda_jetpack5 LDFLAGS: -lggml_cuda_jetpack5
#cgo cuda_jetpack6 LDFLAGS: -lggml_cuda_jetpack6
#cgo cuda_v11 LDFLAGS: -lggml_cuda_v11
#cgo cuda_v12 LDFLAGS: -lggml_cuda_v12
#cgo darwin,amd64 CFLAGS: -Wno-incompatible-pointer-types-discards-qualifiers
#cgo darwin,amd64 CXXFLAGS: -Wno-incompatible-pointer-types-discards-qualifiers
#cgo darwin,amd64 LDFLAGS: -framework Foundation
#cgo darwin,amd64,avx2 CFLAGS: -DGGML_USE_ACCELERATE -DACCELERATE_NEW_LAPACK -DACCELERATE_LAPACK_ILP64
#cgo darwin,amd64,avx2 CXXFLAGS: -DGGML_USE_ACCELERATE -DACCELERATE_NEW_LAPACK -DACCELERATE_LAPACK_ILP64
#cgo darwin,amd64,avx2 LDFLAGS: -framework Accelerate
#cgo darwin,arm64 CFLAGS: -DGGML_USE_METAL -DGGML_USE_ACCELERATE -DGGML_METAL_EMBED_LIBRARY -DACCELERATE_NEW_LAPACK -DACCELERATE_LAPACK_ILP64 -DGGML_USE_BLAS
#cgo darwin,arm64 CXXFLAGS: -DGGML_USE_METAL -DGGML_USE_ACCELERATE -DGGML_METAL_EMBED_LIBRARY -DACCELERATE_NEW_LAPACK -DACCELERATE_LAPACK_ILP64 -DGGML_USE_BLAS
#cgo darwin,arm64 LDFLAGS: -framework Foundation -framework Metal -framework MetalKit -framework Accelerate
#cgo linux CFLAGS: -D_GNU_SOURCE
#cgo linux CXXFLAGS: -D_GNU_SOURCE
#cgo linux,amd64 LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/build/linux-amd64
#cgo linux,arm64 CFLAGS: -D__aarch64__ -D__ARM_NEON -D__ARM_FEATURE_FMA
#cgo linux,arm64 CXXFLAGS: -D__aarch64__ -D__ARM_NEON -D__ARM_FEATURE_FMA
#cgo linux,arm64 LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/build/linux-arm64
#cgo linux,arm64,sve CFLAGS: -march=armv8.6-a+sve
#cgo linux,arm64,sve CXXFLAGS: -march=armv8.6-a+sve
#cgo linux,cuda LDFLAGS: -lcuda -lcudart -lcublas -lcublasLt -lpthread -ldl -lrt -lresolv
#cgo linux,rocm LDFLAGS: -lpthread -ldl -lrt -lresolv
#cgo rocm CFLAGS: -DGGML_USE_CUDA -DGGML_USE_HIPBLAS -DGGML_CUDA_DMMV_X=32 -DGGML_CUDA_PEER_MAX_BATCH_SIZE=128 -DGGML_CUDA_MMV_Y=1 -DGGML_BUILD=1
#cgo rocm CXXFLAGS: -DGGML_USE_CUDA -DGGML_USE_HIPBLAS -DGGML_CUDA_DMMV_X=32 -DGGML_CUDA_PEER_MAX_BATCH_SIZE=128 -DGGML_CUDA_MMV_Y=1 -DGGML_BUILD=1
#cgo rocm LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR} -lggml_rocm -lhipblas -lamdhip64 -lrocblas
#cgo windows CFLAGS: -Wno-discarded-qualifiers -D_WIN32_WINNT=0x602
#cgo windows CXXFLAGS: -D_WIN32_WINNT=0x602
#cgo windows LDFLAGS: -lmsvcrt -static-libstdc++ -static-libgcc -static
#cgo windows,amd64 LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/build/windows-amd64
#cgo windows,arm64 CFLAGS: -D__aarch64__ -D__ARM_NEON -D__ARM_FEATURE_FMA
#cgo windows,arm64 CXXFLAGS: -D__aarch64__ -D__ARM_NEON -D__ARM_FEATURE_FMA
#cgo windows,arm64 LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/build/windows-arm64
#cgo windows,cuda LDFLAGS: -lcuda -lcudart -lcublas -lcublasLt
#cgo windows,rocm LDFLAGS: -lggml_rocm -lhipblas -lamdhip64 -lrocblas

#include <stdlib.h>
#include "llama.h"
#include "clip.h"
#include "ggml.h"
#include "llava.h"
#include "mllama.h"
#include "sampling_ext.h"

bool llamaProgressCallback(float progress, void *user_data);

typedef enum {COMP_UNKNOWN,COMP_GCC,COMP_CLANG} COMPILER;
COMPILER inline get_compiler() {
#if defined(__clang__)
	return COMP_CLANG;
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
	return COMP_GCC;
#else
	return UNKNOWN_COMPILER;
#endif
}
*/
import "C"

import (
	"bytes"
	_ "embed"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"log/slog"
	"runtime"
	"runtime/cgo"
	"slices"
	"strings"
	"unsafe"
)

var CpuFeatures = ""

func BackendInit() {
	C.llama_backend_init()
}

func PrintSystemInfo() string {
	var compiler string
	switch C.get_compiler() {
	case C.COMP_UNKNOWN:
		compiler = "cgo(unknown_compiler)"
	case C.COMP_GCC:
		compiler = "cgo(gcc)"
	case C.COMP_CLANG:
		compiler = "cgo(clang)"
	}
	return C.GoString(C.llama_print_system_info()) + compiler
}

func GetModelArch(modelPath string) (string, error) {
	mp := C.CString(modelPath)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(mp))

	gguf_ctx := C.gguf_init_from_file(mp, C.struct_gguf_init_params{no_alloc: true, ctx: (**C.struct_ggml_context)(C.NULL)})
	if gguf_ctx == nil {
		return "", errors.New("unable to load model file")
	}
	defer C.gguf_free(gguf_ctx)

	key := C.CString("general.architecture")
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(key))
	arch_index := C.gguf_find_key(gguf_ctx, key)
	if int(arch_index) < 0 {
		return "", errors.New("unknown model architecture")
	}

	arch := C.gguf_get_val_str(gguf_ctx, arch_index)

	return C.GoString(arch), nil
}

type ContextParams struct {
	c C.struct_llama_context_params
}

func NewContextParams(numCtx int, batchSize int, numSeqMax int, threads int, flashAttention bool, kvCacheType string) ContextParams {
	params := C.llama_context_default_params()
	params.n_ctx = C.uint(numCtx)
	params.n_batch = C.uint(batchSize)
	params.n_seq_max = C.uint(numSeqMax)
	params.n_threads = C.int(threads)
	params.n_threads_batch = params.n_threads
	params.embeddings = C.bool(true)
	params.flash_attn = C.bool(flashAttention)
	params.type_k = kvCacheTypeFromStr(strings.ToLower(kvCacheType))
	params.type_v = kvCacheTypeFromStr(strings.ToLower(kvCacheType))

	return ContextParams{c: params}
}

// kvCacheTypeFromStr converts a string cache type to the corresponding GGML type value
func kvCacheTypeFromStr(s string) C.enum_ggml_type {
	if s == "" {
		return C.GGML_TYPE_F16
	}

	switch s {
	case "q8_0":
		return C.GGML_TYPE_Q8_0
	case "q4_0":
		return C.GGML_TYPE_Q4_0
	default:
		return C.GGML_TYPE_F16
	}
}

type Context struct {
	c          *C.struct_llama_context
	numThreads int
}

var ErrKvCacheFull = errors.New("could not find a kv cache slot")

func (c *Context) Decode(batch *Batch) error {
	// Positive return values does not mean a fatal error, but rather a warning.
	//   0 - success
	//   1 - could not find a KV slot for the batch (try reducing the size of the batch or increase the context)
	// < 0 - error
	code := int(C.llama_decode(c.c, batch.c))

	if code < 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("llama_decode failed with code %d", code)
	}

	if code > 0 {
		return ErrKvCacheFull
	}

	return nil
}

func (c *Context) Model() *Model {
	return &Model{c: C.llama_get_model(c.c)}
}

func (c *Context) KvCacheSeqAdd(seqId int, p0 int, p1 int, delta int) {
	C.llama_kv_cache_seq_add(c.c, C.int(seqId), C.int(p0), C.int(p1), C.int(delta))
}

func (c *Context) KvCacheSeqRm(seqId int, p0 int, p1 int) bool {
	return bool(C.llama_kv_cache_seq_rm(c.c, C.int(seqId), C.int(p0), C.int(p1)))
}

func (c *Context) KvCacheSeqCp(srcSeqId int, dstSeqId int, p0 int, p1 int) {
	C.llama_kv_cache_seq_cp(c.c, C.int(srcSeqId), C.int(dstSeqId), C.int(p0), C.int(p1))
}

func (c *Context) KvCacheClear() {
	C.llama_kv_cache_clear(c.c)
}

func (c *Context) KvCacheDefrag() {
	C.llama_kv_cache_defrag(c.c)
}

// Get the embeddings for a sequence id
func (c *Context) GetEmbeddingsSeq(seqId int) []float32 {
	embeddings := unsafe.Pointer(C.llama_get_embeddings_seq(c.c, C.int(seqId)))
	if embeddings == nil {
		return nil
	}

	return unsafe.Slice((*float32)(embeddings), c.Model().NEmbd())
}

func (c *Context) GetEmbeddingsIth(i int) []float32 {
	embeddings := unsafe.Pointer(C.llama_get_embeddings_ith(c.c, C.int32_t(i)))
	if embeddings == nil {
		return nil
	}

	return unsafe.Slice((*float32)(embeddings), c.Model().NEmbd())
}

type ModelParams struct {
	NumGpuLayers int
	MainGpu      int
	UseMmap      bool
	UseMlock     bool
	TensorSplit  []float32
	Progress     func(float32)
	VocabOnly    bool
}

//export llamaProgressCallback
func llamaProgressCallback(progress C.float, userData unsafe.Pointer) C.bool {
	handle := *(*cgo.Handle)(userData)
	callback := handle.Value().(func(float32))
	callback(float32(progress))
	return true
}

func LoadModelFromFile(modelPath string, params ModelParams) (*Model, error) {
	cparams := C.llama_model_default_params()
	cparams.n_gpu_layers = C.int(params.NumGpuLayers)
	cparams.main_gpu = C.int32_t(params.MainGpu)
	cparams.use_mmap = C.bool(params.UseMmap)
	cparams.use_mlock = C.bool(params.UseMlock)
	cparams.vocab_only = C.bool(params.VocabOnly)

	if len(params.TensorSplit) > 0 {
		tensorSplitData := &params.TensorSplit[0]

		var tensorSplitPin runtime.Pinner
		tensorSplitPin.Pin(tensorSplitData)
		defer tensorSplitPin.Unpin()

		cparams.tensor_split = (*C.float)(unsafe.Pointer(tensorSplitData))
	}

	if params.Progress != nil {
		handle := cgo.NewHandle(params.Progress)
		defer handle.Delete()

		var handlePin runtime.Pinner
		handlePin.Pin(&handle)
		defer handlePin.Unpin()

		cparams.progress_callback = C.llama_progress_callback(C.llamaProgressCallback)
		cparams.progress_callback_user_data = unsafe.Pointer(&handle)
	}

	m := Model{c: C.llama_load_model_from_file(C.CString(modelPath), cparams)}
	if m.c == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to load model: %s", modelPath)
	}

	return &m, nil
}

func FreeModel(model *Model) {
	C.llama_free_model(model.c)
}

func NewContextWithModel(model *Model, params ContextParams) (*Context, error) {
	c := Context{
		c:          C.llama_new_context_with_model(model.c, params.c),
		numThreads: int(params.c.n_threads),
	}
	if c.c == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("unable to create llama context")
	}

	return &c, nil
}

func (m *Model) NumVocab() int {
	return int(C.llama_n_vocab(m.c))
}

func (m *Model) TokenIsEog(token int) bool {
	return bool(C.llama_token_is_eog(m.c, C.llama_token(token)))
}

func (m *Model) AddBOSToken() bool {
	return bool(C.llama_add_bos_token(m.c))
}

func (m *Model) ApplyLoraFromFile(context *Context, loraPath string, scale float32, threads int) error {
	cLoraPath := C.CString(loraPath)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cLoraPath))

	loraAdapter := C.llama_lora_adapter_init(m.c, cLoraPath)
	if loraAdapter == nil {
		return errors.New("unable to load lora")
	}

	err := -1
	if loraAdapter != nil {
		err = int(C.llama_lora_adapter_set(context.c, loraAdapter, C.float(scale)))
	}
	if err != 0 {
		return errors.New("error applying lora from file")
	}

	return nil
}

type Batch struct {
	c         C.struct_llama_batch
	batchSize int
	maxSeq    int
	embedSize int
}

// Creates a new batch for either word tokens or image embeddings (if embedSize is non-zero).
// Batches cannot contain both types at the same time. batchSize is the maximum number of entries
// that can be added per sequence
func NewBatch(batchSize int, maxSeq int, embedSize int) (*Batch, error) {
	b := Batch{
		c:         C.llama_batch_init(C.int(batchSize*maxSeq), C.int(embedSize), C.int(maxSeq)),
		batchSize: batchSize,
		maxSeq:    maxSeq,
		embedSize: embedSize,
	}

	// Check to see if any of the allocations in llama_batch_init() failed
	nilPointer := (embedSize == 0 && b.c.token == nil) || (embedSize != 0 && b.c.embd == nil) ||
		b.c.pos == nil || b.c.n_seq_id == nil || b.c.seq_id == nil || b.c.logits == nil ||
		slices.Contains(unsafe.Slice(b.c.seq_id, b.allocSize()), nil)

	if nilPointer {
		C.llama_batch_free(b.c)
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to allocate batch (batchSize=%v maxSeq=%v embedSize=%v)", batchSize, maxSeq, embedSize)
	}

	return &b, nil
}

func (b *Batch) Size() int {
	return b.batchSize
}

func (b *Batch) allocSize() int {
	return b.batchSize * b.maxSeq
}

func (b *Batch) NumTokens() int {
	return int(b.c.n_tokens)
}

func (b *Batch) IsEmbedding() bool {
	return b.embedSize != 0
}

// Add adds either a token or an image embedding to the batch depending on the type
// when the batch was initialized. The other argument will be ignored. Adds to the
// batch with the given position for the given sequence ids, and optionally instructs
// to include logits.
func (b *Batch) Add(token int, embed []float32, pos int, logits bool, seqIds ...int) {
	if !b.IsEmbedding() {
		unsafe.Slice(b.c.token, b.allocSize())[b.c.n_tokens] = C.llama_token(token)
	} else {
		copy(unsafe.Slice((*float32)(b.c.embd), b.allocSize()*b.embedSize)[int(b.c.n_tokens)*b.embedSize:], embed)
	}
	unsafe.Slice(b.c.pos, b.allocSize())[b.c.n_tokens] = C.llama_pos(pos)
	unsafe.Slice(b.c.n_seq_id, b.allocSize())[b.c.n_tokens] = C.int(len(seqIds))

	for i, s := range seqIds {
		unsafe.Slice((unsafe.Slice(b.c.seq_id, b.allocSize())[b.c.n_tokens]), C.int(len(seqIds)))[i] = C.int32_t(s)
	}

	if logits {
		unsafe.Slice(b.c.logits, b.allocSize())[b.c.n_tokens] = 1
	} else {
		unsafe.Slice(b.c.logits, b.allocSize())[b.c.n_tokens] = 0
	}

	b.c.n_tokens += 1
}

func (b *Batch) Clear() {
	b.c.n_tokens = 0
}

func (b *Batch) Free() {
	b.batchSize = 0
	C.llama_batch_free(b.c)
}

type Model struct {
	c *C.struct_llama_model
}

func (m *Model) TokenToPiece(token int) string {
	tokenLen := 12
	buf := make([]byte, tokenLen)
	tokenLen = int(C.llama_token_to_piece(
		m.c,
		C.int32_t(token),
		(*C.char)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])),
		C.int32_t(tokenLen),
		C.int32_t(0),
		C.bool(true),
	))
	if tokenLen < 0 {
		tokenLen = -tokenLen

		buf = make([]byte, tokenLen)
		C.llama_token_to_piece(
			m.c,
			C.int32_t(token),
			(*C.char)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])),
			C.int32_t(tokenLen),
			C.int32_t(0),
			C.bool(true),
		)
	}
	return strings.TrimRight(string(buf), "\x00")
}

func (m *Model) Tokenize(text string, addSpecial bool, parseSpecial bool) ([]int, error) {
	maxTokens := len(text) + 2
	cTokens := make([]C.llama_token, maxTokens)
	cText := C.CString(text)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cText))

	result := C.llama_tokenize(
		m.c,
		cText,
		C.int32_t(len(text)),
		&cTokens[0],
		C.int32_t(maxTokens),
		C.bool(addSpecial),
		C.bool(parseSpecial),
	)

	// if the result is negative, reallocate and retry with the correct buffer size
	if result < 0 {
		maxTokens = int(-result)
		cTokens = make([]C.llama_token, maxTokens)
		result = C.llama_tokenize(
			m.c,
			cText,
			C.int32_t(len(text)),
			&cTokens[0],
			C.int32_t(maxTokens),
			C.bool(addSpecial),
			C.bool(parseSpecial),
		)
		if result < 0 {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("tokenization failed, required %d tokens", -result)
		}
	}

	tokens := make([]int, result)
	for i := range result {
		tokens[i] = int(cTokens[i])
	}

	return tokens, nil
}

func (m *Model) NEmbd() int {
	return int(C.llama_n_embd(m.c))
}

func Quantize(infile, outfile string, ftype uint32) error {
	cinfile := C.CString(infile)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cinfile))

	coutfile := C.CString(outfile)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(coutfile))

	params := C.llama_model_quantize_default_params()
	params.nthread = -1
	params.ftype = ftype

	if rc := C.llama_model_quantize(cinfile, coutfile, &params); rc != 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("llama_model_quantize: %d", rc)
	}

	return nil
}

// vision processing
type ClipContext struct {
	c *C.struct_clip_ctx
}

func NewClipContext(llamaContext *Context, modelPath string) (*ClipContext, error) {
	mp := C.CString(modelPath)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(mp))
	c := C.clip_model_load(mp, 1)
	if c == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to load clip model: %v", modelPath)
	}

	projEmbedSize := int(C.clip_n_mmproj_embd(c))
	modelEmbedSize := llamaContext.Model().NEmbd()
	if projEmbedSize != modelEmbedSize {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("projector embedding size (%d) does not match model (%d)", projEmbedSize, modelEmbedSize)
	}

	return &ClipContext{c: c}, nil
}

func (c *ClipContext) Free() {
	C.clip_free(c.c)
}

func (c *ClipContext) NewEmbed(llamaContext *Context, data []byte) ([][]float32, error) {
	l := C.llava_image_embed_make_with_bytes(c.c, C.int(llamaContext.numThreads), (*C.uchar)(unsafe.Pointer(&data[0])), C.int(len(data)))
	if l == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("unable to make llava embedding from image")
	}

	numTokens := int(l.n_image_pos)
	numEmbed := llamaContext.Model().NEmbd()

	s := unsafe.Slice((*float32)(l.embed), numEmbed*numTokens)

	embed := make([][]float32, numTokens)
	rows := make([]float32, len(s))
	copy(rows, s)

	for i := range embed {
		embed[i] = rows[i*numEmbed : (i+1)*numEmbed]
	}

	C.llava_image_embed_free(l)

	return embed, nil
}

type MllamaContext struct {
	c *C.struct_mllama_ctx
}

func NewMllamaContext(llamaContext *Context, modelPath string) (*MllamaContext, error) {
	mp := C.CString(modelPath)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(mp))
	c := C.mllama_model_load(mp, 1)
	if c == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to load mllama model: %v", modelPath)
	}

	projEmbedSize := int(C.mllama_n_embd(c))
	modelEmbedSize := llamaContext.Model().NEmbd()
	if projEmbedSize != modelEmbedSize {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("projector embedding size (%d) does not match model (%d)", projEmbedSize, modelEmbedSize)
	}

	return &MllamaContext{c: c}, nil
}

func (m *MllamaContext) Free() {
	C.mllama_free(m.c)
}

func (m *MllamaContext) NewEmbed(llamaContext *Context, data []byte, aspectRatioId int) ([][]float32, error) {
	img := C.mllama_image_init()
	defer C.mllama_image_free(img)

	ok := bool(C.mllama_image_load_from_data(unsafe.Pointer(&data[0]), C.int(len(data)), 560, 560, 3, 4, C.int(aspectRatioId), img))
	if !ok {
		return nil, errors.New("unable to load mllama image data")
	}

	rows := make([]float32, m.EmbedSize(llamaContext))
	ok = bool(C.mllama_image_encode(m.c, C.int(llamaContext.numThreads), img, (*C.float)(unsafe.Pointer(&rows[0]))))
	if !ok {
		return nil, errors.New("unable to make mllama embedding from image")
	}

	embed := make([][]float32, 1)
	embed[0] = rows

	return embed, nil
}

func (m *MllamaContext) EmbedSize(llamaContext *Context) int {
	numTokens := int(C.mllama_n_positions(m.c) * C.mllama_n_tiles(m.c))
	numEmbed := llamaContext.Model().NEmbd()

	return numTokens * numEmbed
}

func (c *Context) SetCrossAttention(state bool) {
	C.llama_set_cross_attention(c.c, C.bool(state))
}

func (c *Context) Synchronize() {
	C.llama_synchronize(c.c)
}

// sampling
// TODO: this is a temporary wrapper to allow calling C++ code from CGo
type SamplingContext struct {
	c *C.struct_gpt_sampler
}

type SamplingParams struct {
	TopK           int
	TopP           float32
	MinP           float32
	TfsZ           float32
	TypicalP       float32
	Temp           float32
	RepeatLastN    int
	PenaltyRepeat  float32
	PenaltyFreq    float32
	PenaltyPresent float32
	Mirostat       int
	MirostatTau    float32
	MirostatEta    float32
	PenalizeNl     bool
	Seed           uint32
	Grammar        string
}

func NewSamplingContext(model *Model, params SamplingParams) (*SamplingContext, error) {
	var cparams C.struct_gpt_sampler_cparams
	cparams.top_k = C.int32_t(params.TopK)
	cparams.top_p = C.float(params.TopP)
	cparams.min_p = C.float(params.MinP)
	cparams.tfs_z = C.float(params.TfsZ)
	cparams.typical_p = C.float(params.TypicalP)
	cparams.temp = C.float(params.Temp)
	cparams.penalty_last_n = C.int32_t(params.RepeatLastN)
	cparams.penalty_repeat = C.float(params.PenaltyRepeat)
	cparams.penalty_freq = C.float(params.PenaltyFreq)
	cparams.penalty_present = C.float(params.PenaltyFreq)
	cparams.mirostat = C.int32_t(params.Mirostat)
	cparams.mirostat_tau = C.float(params.MirostatTau)
	cparams.mirostat_eta = C.float(params.MirostatEta)
	cparams.penalize_nl = C.bool(params.PenalizeNl)
	cparams.seed = C.uint32_t(params.Seed)

	grammar := C.CString(params.Grammar)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(grammar))

	cparams.grammar = grammar
	context := &SamplingContext{c: C.gpt_sampler_cinit(model.c, &cparams)}
	if context.c == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("unable to create sampling context")
	}

	runtime.SetFinalizer(context, func(s *SamplingContext) { C.gpt_sampler_cfree(s.c) })

	return context, nil
}

func (s *SamplingContext) Reset() {
	C.gpt_sampler_creset(s.c)
}

func (s *SamplingContext) Sample(llamaContext *Context, idx int) int {
	return int(C.gpt_sampler_csample(s.c, llamaContext.c, C.int(idx)))
}

func (s *SamplingContext) Accept(id int, applyGrammar bool) {
	C.gpt_sampler_caccept(s.c, C.llama_token(id), C.bool(applyGrammar))
}

type JsonSchema struct {
	Defs       map[string]any `json:"$defs,omitempty"`
	Properties map[string]any `json:"properties,omitempty"`
	Required   []string       `json:"required,omitempty"`
	Title      string         `json:"title,omitempty"`
	Type       string         `json:"type,omitempty"`
}

func (js JsonSchema) AsGrammar() string {
	var b bytes.Buffer
	if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(js); err != nil {
		return ""
	}

	cStr := C.CString(b.String())
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cStr))

	// Allocate buffer for grammar output with reasonable size
	const maxLen = 32768 // 32KB
	buf := make([]byte, maxLen)

	// Call C function to convert schema to grammar
	length := C.schema_to_grammar(cStr, (*C.char)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])), C.size_t(maxLen))
	if length == 0 {
		slog.Warn("unable to convert schema to grammar")
	}

	return string(buf[:length])
}